Key Skills in
Statistics,
Data Science,
and Statistical Programming
for Resource Managers

(Conducted under EMF 115 1.0 Key Skills for Resource Managers)

Dr. Thiyanga S. Talagala

Recap

  • Why Statistics is needed for managers

  • Statistician/ Data Scientist: What they do and How they work

  • Primary Data vs Secondary Data

  • Primary Data Collection Methods

  • Some tools for data analysis

Data Visualisation

library(palmerpenguins)
data("penguins")
library(dplyr)
penguins <- penguins |>
  select(1, 2, 5, 6)
as.data.frame(penguins) |> knitr::kable()
species island flipper_length_mm body_mass_g
Adelie Torgersen 181 3750
Adelie Torgersen 186 3800
Adelie Torgersen 195 3250
Adelie Torgersen NA NA
Adelie Torgersen 193 3450
Adelie Torgersen 190 3650
Adelie Torgersen 181 3625
Adelie Torgersen 195 4675
Adelie Torgersen 193 3475
Adelie Torgersen 190 4250
Adelie Torgersen 186 3300
Adelie Torgersen 180 3700
Adelie Torgersen 182 3200
Adelie Torgersen 191 3800
Adelie Torgersen 198 4400
Adelie Torgersen 185 3700
Adelie Torgersen 195 3450
Adelie Torgersen 197 4500
Adelie Torgersen 184 3325
Adelie Torgersen 194 4200
Adelie Biscoe 174 3400
Adelie Biscoe 180 3600
Adelie Biscoe 189 3800
Adelie Biscoe 185 3950
Adelie Biscoe 180 3800
Adelie Biscoe 187 3800
Adelie Biscoe 183 3550
Adelie Biscoe 187 3200
Adelie Biscoe 172 3150
Adelie Biscoe 180 3950
Adelie Dream 178 3250
Adelie Dream 178 3900
Adelie Dream 188 3300
Adelie Dream 184 3900
Adelie Dream 195 3325
Adelie Dream 196 4150
Adelie Dream 190 3950
Adelie Dream 180 3550
Adelie Dream 181 3300
Adelie Dream 184 4650
Adelie Dream 182 3150
Adelie Dream 195 3900
Adelie Dream 186 3100
Adelie Dream 196 4400
Adelie Dream 185 3000
Adelie Dream 190 4600
Adelie Dream 182 3425
Adelie Dream 179 2975
Adelie Dream 190 3450
Adelie Dream 191 4150
Adelie Biscoe 186 3500
Adelie Biscoe 188 4300
Adelie Biscoe 190 3450
Adelie Biscoe 200 4050
Adelie Biscoe 187 2900
Adelie Biscoe 191 3700
Adelie Biscoe 186 3550
Adelie Biscoe 193 3800
Adelie Biscoe 181 2850
Adelie Biscoe 194 3750
Adelie Biscoe 185 3150
Adelie Biscoe 195 4400
Adelie Biscoe 185 3600
Adelie Biscoe 192 4050
Adelie Biscoe 184 2850
Adelie Biscoe 192 3950
Adelie Biscoe 195 3350
Adelie Biscoe 188 4100
Adelie Torgersen 190 3050
Adelie Torgersen 198 4450
Adelie Torgersen 190 3600
Adelie Torgersen 190 3900
Adelie Torgersen 196 3550
Adelie Torgersen 197 4150
Adelie Torgersen 190 3700
Adelie Torgersen 195 4250
Adelie Torgersen 191 3700
Adelie Torgersen 184 3900
Adelie Torgersen 187 3550
Adelie Torgersen 195 4000
Adelie Torgersen 189 3200
Adelie Torgersen 196 4700
Adelie Torgersen 187 3800
Adelie Torgersen 193 4200
Adelie Dream 191 3350
Adelie Dream 194 3550
Adelie Dream 190 3800
Adelie Dream 189 3500
Adelie Dream 189 3950
Adelie Dream 190 3600
Adelie Dream 202 3550
Adelie Dream 205 4300
Adelie Dream 185 3400
Adelie Dream 186 4450
Adelie Dream 187 3300
Adelie Dream 208 4300
Adelie Dream 190 3700
Adelie Dream 196 4350
Adelie Dream 178 2900
Adelie Dream 192 4100
Adelie Biscoe 192 3725
Adelie Biscoe 203 4725
Adelie Biscoe 183 3075
Adelie Biscoe 190 4250
Adelie Biscoe 193 2925
Adelie Biscoe 184 3550
Adelie Biscoe 199 3750
Adelie Biscoe 190 3900
Adelie Biscoe 181 3175
Adelie Biscoe 197 4775
Adelie Biscoe 198 3825
Adelie Biscoe 191 4600
Adelie Biscoe 193 3200
Adelie Biscoe 197 4275
Adelie Biscoe 191 3900
Adelie Biscoe 196 4075
Adelie Torgersen 188 2900
Adelie Torgersen 199 3775
Adelie Torgersen 189 3350
Adelie Torgersen 189 3325
Adelie Torgersen 187 3150
Adelie Torgersen 198 3500
Adelie Torgersen 176 3450
Adelie Torgersen 202 3875
Adelie Torgersen 186 3050
Adelie Torgersen 199 4000
Adelie Torgersen 191 3275
Adelie Torgersen 195 4300
Adelie Torgersen 191 3050
Adelie Torgersen 210 4000
Adelie Torgersen 190 3325
Adelie Torgersen 197 3500
Adelie Dream 193 3500
Adelie Dream 199 4475
Adelie Dream 187 3425
Adelie Dream 190 3900
Adelie Dream 191 3175
Adelie Dream 200 3975
Adelie Dream 185 3400
Adelie Dream 193 4250
Adelie Dream 193 3400
Adelie Dream 187 3475
Adelie Dream 188 3050
Adelie Dream 190 3725
Adelie Dream 192 3000
Adelie Dream 185 3650
Adelie Dream 190 4250
Adelie Dream 184 3475
Adelie Dream 195 3450
Adelie Dream 193 3750
Adelie Dream 187 3700
Adelie Dream 201 4000
Gentoo Biscoe 211 4500
Gentoo Biscoe 230 5700
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4450
Gentoo Biscoe 218 5700
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5400
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4550
Gentoo Biscoe 211 4800
Gentoo Biscoe 219 5200
Gentoo Biscoe 209 4400
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5150
Gentoo Biscoe 214 4650
Gentoo Biscoe 216 5550
Gentoo Biscoe 214 4650
Gentoo Biscoe 213 5850
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4200
Gentoo Biscoe 217 5850
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4150
Gentoo Biscoe 221 6300
Gentoo Biscoe 209 4800
Gentoo Biscoe 222 5350
Gentoo Biscoe 218 5700
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5000
Gentoo Biscoe 213 4400
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5050
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5000
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5100
Gentoo Biscoe 216 4100
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5650
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4600
Gentoo Biscoe 220 5550
Gentoo Biscoe 222 5250
Gentoo Biscoe 209 4700
Gentoo Biscoe 207 5050
Gentoo Biscoe 230 6050
Gentoo Biscoe 220 5150
Gentoo Biscoe 220 5400
Gentoo Biscoe 213 4950
Gentoo Biscoe 219 5250
Gentoo Biscoe 208 4350
Gentoo Biscoe 208 5350
Gentoo Biscoe 208 3950
Gentoo Biscoe 225 5700
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4300
Gentoo Biscoe 216 4750
Gentoo Biscoe 222 5550
Gentoo Biscoe 217 4900
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4200
Gentoo Biscoe 225 5400
Gentoo Biscoe 213 5100
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5300
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4850
Gentoo Biscoe 220 5300
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4400
Gentoo Biscoe 225 5000
Gentoo Biscoe 217 4900
Gentoo Biscoe 220 5050
Gentoo Biscoe 208 4300
Gentoo Biscoe 220 5000
Gentoo Biscoe 208 4450
Gentoo Biscoe 224 5550
Gentoo Biscoe 208 4200
Gentoo Biscoe 221 5300
Gentoo Biscoe 214 4400
Gentoo Biscoe 231 5650
Gentoo Biscoe 219 4700
Gentoo Biscoe 230 5700
Gentoo Biscoe 214 4650
Gentoo Biscoe 229 5800
Gentoo Biscoe 220 4700
Gentoo Biscoe 223 5550
Gentoo Biscoe 216 4750
Gentoo Biscoe 221 5000
Gentoo Biscoe 221 5100
Gentoo Biscoe 217 5200
Gentoo Biscoe 216 4700
Gentoo Biscoe 230 5800
Gentoo Biscoe 209 4600
Gentoo Biscoe 220 6000
Gentoo Biscoe 215 4750
Gentoo Biscoe 223 5950
Gentoo Biscoe 212 4625
Gentoo Biscoe 221 5450
Gentoo Biscoe 212 4725
Gentoo Biscoe 224 5350
Gentoo Biscoe 212 4750
Gentoo Biscoe 228 5600
Gentoo Biscoe 218 4600
Gentoo Biscoe 218 5300
Gentoo Biscoe 212 4875
Gentoo Biscoe 230 5550
Gentoo Biscoe 218 4950
Gentoo Biscoe 228 5400
Gentoo Biscoe 212 4750
Gentoo Biscoe 224 5650
Gentoo Biscoe 214 4850
Gentoo Biscoe 226 5200
Gentoo Biscoe 216 4925
Gentoo Biscoe 222 4875
Gentoo Biscoe 203 4625
Gentoo Biscoe 225 5250
Gentoo Biscoe 219 4850
Gentoo Biscoe 228 5600
Gentoo Biscoe 215 4975
Gentoo Biscoe 228 5500
Gentoo Biscoe 216 4725
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5500
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4700
Gentoo Biscoe 219 5500
Gentoo Biscoe 208 4575
Gentoo Biscoe 209 5500
Gentoo Biscoe 216 5000
Gentoo Biscoe 229 5950
Gentoo Biscoe 213 4650
Gentoo Biscoe 230 5500
Gentoo Biscoe 217 4375
Gentoo Biscoe 230 5850
Gentoo Biscoe 217 4875
Gentoo Biscoe 222 6000
Gentoo Biscoe 214 4925
Gentoo Biscoe NA NA
Gentoo Biscoe 215 4850
Gentoo Biscoe 222 5750
Gentoo Biscoe 212 5200
Gentoo Biscoe 213 5400
Chinstrap Dream 192 3500
Chinstrap Dream 196 3900
Chinstrap Dream 193 3650
Chinstrap Dream 188 3525
Chinstrap Dream 197 3725
Chinstrap Dream 198 3950
Chinstrap Dream 178 3250
Chinstrap Dream 197 3750
Chinstrap Dream 195 4150
Chinstrap Dream 198 3700
Chinstrap Dream 193 3800
Chinstrap Dream 194 3775
Chinstrap Dream 185 3700
Chinstrap Dream 201 4050
Chinstrap Dream 190 3575
Chinstrap Dream 201 4050
Chinstrap Dream 197 3300
Chinstrap Dream 181 3700
Chinstrap Dream 190 3450
Chinstrap Dream 195 4400
Chinstrap Dream 181 3600
Chinstrap Dream 191 3400
Chinstrap Dream 187 2900
Chinstrap Dream 193 3800
Chinstrap Dream 195 3300
Chinstrap Dream 197 4150
Chinstrap Dream 200 3400
Chinstrap Dream 200 3800
Chinstrap Dream 191 3700
Chinstrap Dream 205 4550
Chinstrap Dream 187 3200
Chinstrap Dream 201 4300
Chinstrap Dream 187 3350
Chinstrap Dream 203 4100
Chinstrap Dream 195 3600
Chinstrap Dream 199 3900
Chinstrap Dream 195 3850
Chinstrap Dream 210 4800
Chinstrap Dream 192 2700
Chinstrap Dream 205 4500
Chinstrap Dream 210 3950
Chinstrap Dream 187 3650
Chinstrap Dream 196 3550
Chinstrap Dream 196 3500
Chinstrap Dream 196 3675
Chinstrap Dream 201 4450
Chinstrap Dream 190 3400
Chinstrap Dream 212 4300
Chinstrap Dream 187 3250
Chinstrap Dream 198 3675
Chinstrap Dream 199 3325
Chinstrap Dream 201 3950
Chinstrap Dream 193 3600
Chinstrap Dream 203 4050
Chinstrap Dream 187 3350
Chinstrap Dream 197 3450
Chinstrap Dream 191 3250
Chinstrap Dream 203 4050
Chinstrap Dream 202 3800
Chinstrap Dream 194 3525
Chinstrap Dream 206 3950
Chinstrap Dream 189 3650
Chinstrap Dream 195 3650
Chinstrap Dream 207 4000
Chinstrap Dream 202 3400
Chinstrap Dream 193 3775
Chinstrap Dream 210 4100
Chinstrap Dream 198 3775

Step 1: Identify qualitative and quantitative variables

species island flipper_length_mm body_mass_g
Adelie Torgersen 181 3750
Adelie Torgersen 186 3800
Adelie Torgersen 195 3250
Adelie Torgersen NA NA
Adelie Torgersen 193 3450
Adelie Torgersen 190 3650
Adelie Torgersen 181 3625
Adelie Torgersen 195 4675
Adelie Torgersen 193 3475
Adelie Torgersen 190 4250
Adelie Torgersen 186 3300
Adelie Torgersen 180 3700
Adelie Torgersen 182 3200
Adelie Torgersen 191 3800
Adelie Torgersen 198 4400
Adelie Torgersen 185 3700
Adelie Torgersen 195 3450
Adelie Torgersen 197 4500
Adelie Torgersen 184 3325
Adelie Torgersen 194 4200
Adelie Biscoe 174 3400
Adelie Biscoe 180 3600
Adelie Biscoe 189 3800
Adelie Biscoe 185 3950
Adelie Biscoe 180 3800
Adelie Biscoe 187 3800
Adelie Biscoe 183 3550
Adelie Biscoe 187 3200
Adelie Biscoe 172 3150
Adelie Biscoe 180 3950
Adelie Dream 178 3250
Adelie Dream 178 3900
Adelie Dream 188 3300
Adelie Dream 184 3900
Adelie Dream 195 3325
Adelie Dream 196 4150
Adelie Dream 190 3950
Adelie Dream 180 3550
Adelie Dream 181 3300
Adelie Dream 184 4650
Adelie Dream 182 3150
Adelie Dream 195 3900
Adelie Dream 186 3100
Adelie Dream 196 4400
Adelie Dream 185 3000
Adelie Dream 190 4600
Adelie Dream 182 3425
Adelie Dream 179 2975
Adelie Dream 190 3450
Adelie Dream 191 4150
Adelie Biscoe 186 3500
Adelie Biscoe 188 4300
Adelie Biscoe 190 3450
Adelie Biscoe 200 4050
Adelie Biscoe 187 2900
Adelie Biscoe 191 3700
Adelie Biscoe 186 3550
Adelie Biscoe 193 3800
Adelie Biscoe 181 2850
Adelie Biscoe 194 3750
Adelie Biscoe 185 3150
Adelie Biscoe 195 4400
Adelie Biscoe 185 3600
Adelie Biscoe 192 4050
Adelie Biscoe 184 2850
Adelie Biscoe 192 3950
Adelie Biscoe 195 3350
Adelie Biscoe 188 4100
Adelie Torgersen 190 3050
Adelie Torgersen 198 4450
Adelie Torgersen 190 3600
Adelie Torgersen 190 3900
Adelie Torgersen 196 3550
Adelie Torgersen 197 4150
Adelie Torgersen 190 3700
Adelie Torgersen 195 4250
Adelie Torgersen 191 3700
Adelie Torgersen 184 3900
Adelie Torgersen 187 3550
Adelie Torgersen 195 4000
Adelie Torgersen 189 3200
Adelie Torgersen 196 4700
Adelie Torgersen 187 3800
Adelie Torgersen 193 4200
Adelie Dream 191 3350
Adelie Dream 194 3550
Adelie Dream 190 3800
Adelie Dream 189 3500
Adelie Dream 189 3950
Adelie Dream 190 3600
Adelie Dream 202 3550
Adelie Dream 205 4300
Adelie Dream 185 3400
Adelie Dream 186 4450
Adelie Dream 187 3300
Adelie Dream 208 4300
Adelie Dream 190 3700
Adelie Dream 196 4350
Adelie Dream 178 2900
Adelie Dream 192 4100
Adelie Biscoe 192 3725
Adelie Biscoe 203 4725
Adelie Biscoe 183 3075
Adelie Biscoe 190 4250
Adelie Biscoe 193 2925
Adelie Biscoe 184 3550
Adelie Biscoe 199 3750
Adelie Biscoe 190 3900
Adelie Biscoe 181 3175
Adelie Biscoe 197 4775
Adelie Biscoe 198 3825
Adelie Biscoe 191 4600
Adelie Biscoe 193 3200
Adelie Biscoe 197 4275
Adelie Biscoe 191 3900
Adelie Biscoe 196 4075
Adelie Torgersen 188 2900
Adelie Torgersen 199 3775
Adelie Torgersen 189 3350
Adelie Torgersen 189 3325
Adelie Torgersen 187 3150
Adelie Torgersen 198 3500
Adelie Torgersen 176 3450
Adelie Torgersen 202 3875
Adelie Torgersen 186 3050
Adelie Torgersen 199 4000
Adelie Torgersen 191 3275
Adelie Torgersen 195 4300
Adelie Torgersen 191 3050
Adelie Torgersen 210 4000
Adelie Torgersen 190 3325
Adelie Torgersen 197 3500
Adelie Dream 193 3500
Adelie Dream 199 4475
Adelie Dream 187 3425
Adelie Dream 190 3900
Adelie Dream 191 3175
Adelie Dream 200 3975
Adelie Dream 185 3400
Adelie Dream 193 4250
Adelie Dream 193 3400
Adelie Dream 187 3475
Adelie Dream 188 3050
Adelie Dream 190 3725
Adelie Dream 192 3000
Adelie Dream 185 3650
Adelie Dream 190 4250
Adelie Dream 184 3475
Adelie Dream 195 3450
Adelie Dream 193 3750
Adelie Dream 187 3700
Adelie Dream 201 4000
Gentoo Biscoe 211 4500
Gentoo Biscoe 230 5700
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4450
Gentoo Biscoe 218 5700
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5400
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4550
Gentoo Biscoe 211 4800
Gentoo Biscoe 219 5200
Gentoo Biscoe 209 4400
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5150
Gentoo Biscoe 214 4650
Gentoo Biscoe 216 5550
Gentoo Biscoe 214 4650
Gentoo Biscoe 213 5850
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4200
Gentoo Biscoe 217 5850
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4150
Gentoo Biscoe 221 6300
Gentoo Biscoe 209 4800
Gentoo Biscoe 222 5350
Gentoo Biscoe 218 5700
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5000
Gentoo Biscoe 213 4400
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5050
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5000
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5100
Gentoo Biscoe 216 4100
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5650
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4600
Gentoo Biscoe 220 5550
Gentoo Biscoe 222 5250
Gentoo Biscoe 209 4700
Gentoo Biscoe 207 5050
Gentoo Biscoe 230 6050
Gentoo Biscoe 220 5150
Gentoo Biscoe 220 5400
Gentoo Biscoe 213 4950
Gentoo Biscoe 219 5250
Gentoo Biscoe 208 4350
Gentoo Biscoe 208 5350
Gentoo Biscoe 208 3950
Gentoo Biscoe 225 5700
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4300
Gentoo Biscoe 216 4750
Gentoo Biscoe 222 5550
Gentoo Biscoe 217 4900
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4200
Gentoo Biscoe 225 5400
Gentoo Biscoe 213 5100
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5300
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4850
Gentoo Biscoe 220 5300
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4400
Gentoo Biscoe 225 5000
Gentoo Biscoe 217 4900
Gentoo Biscoe 220 5050
Gentoo Biscoe 208 4300
Gentoo Biscoe 220 5000
Gentoo Biscoe 208 4450
Gentoo Biscoe 224 5550
Gentoo Biscoe 208 4200
Gentoo Biscoe 221 5300
Gentoo Biscoe 214 4400
Gentoo Biscoe 231 5650
Gentoo Biscoe 219 4700
Gentoo Biscoe 230 5700
Gentoo Biscoe 214 4650
Gentoo Biscoe 229 5800
Gentoo Biscoe 220 4700
Gentoo Biscoe 223 5550
Gentoo Biscoe 216 4750
Gentoo Biscoe 221 5000
Gentoo Biscoe 221 5100
Gentoo Biscoe 217 5200
Gentoo Biscoe 216 4700
Gentoo Biscoe 230 5800
Gentoo Biscoe 209 4600
Gentoo Biscoe 220 6000
Gentoo Biscoe 215 4750
Gentoo Biscoe 223 5950
Gentoo Biscoe 212 4625
Gentoo Biscoe 221 5450
Gentoo Biscoe 212 4725
Gentoo Biscoe 224 5350
Gentoo Biscoe 212 4750
Gentoo Biscoe 228 5600
Gentoo Biscoe 218 4600
Gentoo Biscoe 218 5300
Gentoo Biscoe 212 4875
Gentoo Biscoe 230 5550
Gentoo Biscoe 218 4950
Gentoo Biscoe 228 5400
Gentoo Biscoe 212 4750
Gentoo Biscoe 224 5650
Gentoo Biscoe 214 4850
Gentoo Biscoe 226 5200
Gentoo Biscoe 216 4925
Gentoo Biscoe 222 4875
Gentoo Biscoe 203 4625
Gentoo Biscoe 225 5250
Gentoo Biscoe 219 4850
Gentoo Biscoe 228 5600
Gentoo Biscoe 215 4975
Gentoo Biscoe 228 5500
Gentoo Biscoe 216 4725
Gentoo Biscoe 215 5500
Gentoo Biscoe 210 4700
Gentoo Biscoe 219 5500
Gentoo Biscoe 208 4575
Gentoo Biscoe 209 5500
Gentoo Biscoe 216 5000
Gentoo Biscoe 229 5950
Gentoo Biscoe 213 4650
Gentoo Biscoe 230 5500
Gentoo Biscoe 217 4375
Gentoo Biscoe 230 5850
Gentoo Biscoe 217 4875
Gentoo Biscoe 222 6000
Gentoo Biscoe 214 4925
Gentoo Biscoe NA NA
Gentoo Biscoe 215 4850
Gentoo Biscoe 222 5750
Gentoo Biscoe 212 5200
Gentoo Biscoe 213 5400
Chinstrap Dream 192 3500
Chinstrap Dream 196 3900
Chinstrap Dream 193 3650
Chinstrap Dream 188 3525
Chinstrap Dream 197 3725
Chinstrap Dream 198 3950
Chinstrap Dream 178 3250
Chinstrap Dream 197 3750
Chinstrap Dream 195 4150
Chinstrap Dream 198 3700
Chinstrap Dream 193 3800
Chinstrap Dream 194 3775
Chinstrap Dream 185 3700
Chinstrap Dream 201 4050
Chinstrap Dream 190 3575
Chinstrap Dream 201 4050
Chinstrap Dream 197 3300
Chinstrap Dream 181 3700
Chinstrap Dream 190 3450
Chinstrap Dream 195 4400
Chinstrap Dream 181 3600
Chinstrap Dream 191 3400
Chinstrap Dream 187 2900
Chinstrap Dream 193 3800
Chinstrap Dream 195 3300
Chinstrap Dream 197 4150
Chinstrap Dream 200 3400
Chinstrap Dream 200 3800
Chinstrap Dream 191 3700
Chinstrap Dream 205 4550
Chinstrap Dream 187 3200
Chinstrap Dream 201 4300
Chinstrap Dream 187 3350
Chinstrap Dream 203 4100
Chinstrap Dream 195 3600
Chinstrap Dream 199 3900
Chinstrap Dream 195 3850
Chinstrap Dream 210 4800
Chinstrap Dream 192 2700
Chinstrap Dream 205 4500
Chinstrap Dream 210 3950
Chinstrap Dream 187 3650
Chinstrap Dream 196 3550
Chinstrap Dream 196 3500
Chinstrap Dream 196 3675
Chinstrap Dream 201 4450
Chinstrap Dream 190 3400
Chinstrap Dream 212 4300
Chinstrap Dream 187 3250
Chinstrap Dream 198 3675
Chinstrap Dream 199 3325
Chinstrap Dream 201 3950
Chinstrap Dream 193 3600
Chinstrap Dream 203 4050
Chinstrap Dream 187 3350
Chinstrap Dream 197 3450
Chinstrap Dream 191 3250
Chinstrap Dream 203 4050
Chinstrap Dream 202 3800
Chinstrap Dream 194 3525
Chinstrap Dream 206 3950
Chinstrap Dream 189 3650
Chinstrap Dream 195 3650
Chinstrap Dream 207 4000
Chinstrap Dream 202 3400
Chinstrap Dream 193 3775
Chinstrap Dream 210 4100
Chinstrap Dream 198 3775

Step 2: Qualitative Data Analysis: Univariate Analysis

Composition of the sample by species

library(ggplot2)
ggplot(penguins, aes(x=species)) + geom_bar()

Composition of the sample by species

library(ggplot2)
p1 <- ggplot(penguins, aes(x=species, fill=species)) + geom_bar()
p1

Selecting colours

Go to https://colorbrewer2.org/

Sri Lanka Nature Inspired Colour Palettes https://github.com/thiyangt/nic

Pie chart

Which is the best?

Step 3: Qualitative Data Analysis: Bivariate Analysis

library(ggplot2)
ggplot(penguins, aes(x=species, fill=island)) + geom_bar() 

library(ggplot2)
ggplot(penguins, aes(x=species, fill=island)) + geom_bar()  + scale_fill_brewer(palette="Set2")

library(ggplot2)
ggplot(penguins, aes(x = species, fill = island)) + 
  geom_bar(position = position_dodge2(preserve = "single", width = 0.9), width = 0.8) + 
  scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Set2")

Step 4: Quantitative Data Analysis: Univariate Analysis

Histogram

Histogram

Step 5: Quantitative Data Analysis: Bivariate Analysis

Scatterplot

Interpretations

r_value interpretation
r = 1 Perfect positive linear correlation
1 > r ≥ 0.8 Strong positive linear correlation
0.8 > r ≥ 0.4 Moderate positive linear correlation
0.4 > r > 0 Weak positive linear correlation
r = 0 No correlation
0 > r ≥ -0.4 Weak negative linear correlation
-0.4 > r ≥ -0.8 Moderate negative linear correlation
-0.8 > r > -1 Strong negative linear correlation
r = -1 Perfect negative linear correlation

Step 6: Quantitative vs Qualitative

Step 7: Qualitative and Two Quantitative

How to plot them? Use ggplot2 in R

AI as a code assistant

Use ggplot2 to create a scatter plot of flipper_length_mm and body_mass_g in the dataset penguins. Write the R code.

Basic Idea

ggplot(data=penguins)

ggplot(data=penguins, aes(x=flipper_length_mm, y=body_mass_g))

ggplot(data=penguins, aes(x=flipper_length_mm, y=body_mass_g)) + geom_point()

ggplot(data=penguins, aes(x=flipper_length_mm, y=body_mass_g)) + geom_smooth(se=FALSE)

ggplot(data=penguins, aes(x=flipper_length_mm, y=body_mass_g)) + geom_smooth(se=FALSE) + geom_point()

ggplot(data=penguins, aes(x=flipper_length_mm, y=body_mass_g)) + geom_smooth(method="lm", se=FALSE)

ggplot(data=penguins, aes(x=flipper_length_mm, y=body_mass_g)) + geom_smooth(method="lm", se=FALSE) + geom_point()

ggplot(data=penguins, aes(x=flipper_length_mm, y=body_mass_g, col=species)) + geom_smooth(method="lm", se=FALSE) + geom_point()

ggplot(data=penguins, aes(x=flipper_length_mm, y=body_mass_g, col=species)) + geom_smooth(method="lm", se=FALSE) + geom_point(size=3)