| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| Epidemiology | The study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. |
| Astrostatistics | Applies statistical analysis to the understanding of astronomical data. |
| Biostatistics | Studies biological phenomena and provides statistical methods for analysis of biological data. |
| Demography | Statistical study of all populations, including size, distribution, and structure. |
| Social statistics | Study of human behavior in a social environment using statistical methods. |
| Chemometrics | Science of extracting information from chemical systems by data-driven means. |
| Econometrics | Uses economic theory, mathematics, and statistical inference to quantify economic phenomena. |
| Psychometrics | Applies statistical methods to psychological measurements, tests, and surveys. |
| Pharmacometrics | Modeling drug dose-response relationships, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. |
| Bioinformatics / Biostatistics in Molecular Biology | Analyzes DNA, RNA, protein data, sequence alignments, and gene expression patterns. |
| Agrimetrics / Agricultural Statistics | Statistics applied to agriculture — crop yield trials, soil studies, plant breeding, pest control. |
| Ecological Statistics / Biostatistics in Ecology | Statistics applied to ecology and wildlife studies — population surveys, species distribution, biodiversity indices. |
| Actuarial Statistics | Discipline that deals with assessing the risks in insurance and finance. |
| Forensic Statistics | Applies statistics to analyze forensic data, including DNA testing results. |
| Spatial Statistics | Analysis of spatially referenced data to detect patterns or relationships. |
| Jurimetrics | Application of probability and statistics to law and legal decisions. |
| Sports Analytics / Sports Statistics | Statistics applied to sports — analyzing player performance, game strategies, and injury risks. |
| Environmental Statistics | Statistics in environmental science — air/water quality, climate data, pollution modeling, conservation research. |
1 Introdiction to Statistics
1.1 What is Statistics?
The science of collecting, organizing, and analyzing data, and presenting and interpreting the results derived from that data to gain insights and make informed decisions.
1.2 What is Biostatistics?
When statistical methods are applied to specific fields, the discipline often takes on a specialized name. When statistical methods are applied to biological and medical sciences, it is called “Biostatistics”. Table 1 shows Specialized fields where statistics is applied.
1.3 Role of statistics in zoology and biological sciences
Statistics play a vital role in every aspect of zoological research, helping scientists design studies, analyze data, and make informed conclusions.
Examples in zoology include:
Population estimation – Using sampling and statistical methods to estimate the number of elephants in a forest or birds in a wetland.
Morphometric analysis – Comparing body size, wing length, or foot circumference among different species populations.
Behavioral studies – Analyzing patterns such as feeding, or migration behaviors using observational data.
Ecological modeling – Assessing habitat preferences and species distribution using statistical models, Studying climate change impacts on migration, breeding, and survival, Measuring pollution and environmental stress effects on animal health.
Conservation planning – Assessing risk factors for endangered species and predicting population trends using statistical models.
Experimental studies - Effects of temperature on insect development.
Genetics and Evolutionary Biology Studies - Statistical analysis of genetic variation within and between populations.